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The American Psychological Association (2009a, p. The concept of gender identity evolved over time to include those people who do not identify either as female or male: a “person’s self concept of their gender (regardless of their biological sex) is called their gender identity” ( Lev, 2004, p. The expression gender identity was coined in the middle 1960s, describing one’s persistent inner sense of belonging to either the male and female gender category ( Money, 1994). It should be noted that, although these categories continue to be widely used, sexual orientation does not always appear in such definable categories and, instead, occurs on a continuum ( American Psychological Association, 2012), and people perceived or described by others as LGB may identify in various ways ( D’Augelli, 1994). Nowadays, the terms ‘lesbian’ and ‘gay’ are used to refer to people who experience attraction to members of the same sex, and the term ‘bisexual’ describe people who experience attraction to members of both sexes. Sexual orientation refers to the sex of those to whom one is sexually and romantically attracted ( American Psychological Association, 2012). Many of the terms used in the past to describe LGBT people, namely in the mental health field, are now considered to be outdated and even offensive. Concepts and DefinitionsĬoncepts and definitions that refer to sexual orientation and gender identity are an evolving field. The present paper aims to review relevant concepts in this literature, its historical and current controversies, and their relation to the main psychopathology classification systems.
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Numerous controversies and debates have taken place throughout the history of psychopathology and mental health care with regards to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people. Finally, it argues that sexual orientation and gender identity have been viewed, in the history of the field of psychopathology, between two poles: gender transgression and gender variance/fluidity.
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It reveals that this deeply complex field contributes (i) to the reflection on the very concept of mental illness (ii) to the focus on subjective distress and person-centered experience of psychopathology and (iii) to the recognition of stigma and discrimination as significant intervening variables. The present paper critically reviews this history and current controversies.
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These are still reflected on present reformulations of gender dysphoria in both the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual and the International Classification of Diseases, and in more or less subtle micro-aggressions experienced by lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans patients in mental health care. Numerous controversies and debates have taken place throughout the history of psychopathology (and its main classification systems) with regards to sexual orientation and gender identity. Instituto Universitário de Lisboa ISCTE-IUL, CIS, Lisboa, Portugal.